The Tongue Taste Map Does Not Exist!

If you've ever taken a wine class, there a good chance you've seen this map of the tongue. Wine experts love to talk about which areas of the tongue can taste sweet, salty, bitter, and sour. But the truth is, the taste map is a total fallacy. Scientists have known the taste map is wrong for quite some time now, but for some reason the myth persists in the wine world. Wine people, it's time we woke up and kept up with science from the 1970's! Please, lets stop confusing people with all this useless pseudo-scientific dribble that doesn't even make sense when you try to demonstrate it.

For example, the taste map says that you can only taste sugar on the tip of your tongue. Iif you stick sugar on the back of your tongue without letting it touch the tip, how come you can still taste sweetness? When I took classes at the WSET certified International Wine Center, at that point they preached this stuff like it was the gospel (Just so you know, they don't teach it anymore because they do now know it's not true). We were supposed to feel a tingle on the tips of our tongue when we tasted the sugar, because supposedly all the taste buds that perceive sugar are concentrated there. When none of us really felt anything, we were told that was normal for Americans, because we eat so much sugar that our tongues are numb to the effect. Try it in Japan however, they told us, and people will freak out at the new-found tingling effect. Sounds pretty good right? I certainly bought it. I've heard veteran sommeliers discuss the map. And once I went to an American Sommelier Association presented cigar seminar at Davidoff of Geneva and they busted out the good old taste map. I always had a hard time sensing the different tastes in different areas, but I just chalked that up to my inexperienced palate at the time.

So where did this myth come from exactly? It seems that the original research was done by a German scientist named D.P. Hanig in 1901. He was trying to understand taste, so he designed an experiment to measure the sensitivities of tongue in certain areas to different tastes. He have his volunteers things to taste, and mapped out the areas of the tongue that responded the most to each taste. Then later, in 1942, a Harvard scientist named Edwin Boring used Hanig's research to plot a graph of these sensitivities. It seems that the tongue does have a very slight concentration of tastes in certain areas, so the tip of the tongue does sense slightly more sweetness than the rest. People saw this graph, and for some reason took it to mean that the tip was the only place that could sense sweetness, thus the taste map was born. Then in 1974, Virginia Collings came along and re-examined the data. She realized that while there were concentrations in some areas,  all areas of the tongue could still taste each of the 4 primary tastes. The difference in sensitivity to sweetness in the tip of the tongue compared to the rest of the tongue is, in fact, negligible.

So if scientists have known this since 1974, what's taking us wine folks so long? I personally feel like wine snobs love having something complex and vague to hold over less knowledgeable folks heads to ensure their own superiority. But maybe that's being a bit conspiratorially minded of me. I guess wine people just aren't that into science. But we love to talk about the science of vinification, fermentation, and such things. It just seems like we've lagged behind on the science of taste. Apparently there are really 5 tastes, and possibly even 6, when you add Umami (the savory taste of glutamate, like in MSG) and perhaps the taste of fat. Ever see that in a wine text book? I bet not.

In the interest of science, I'm going to list a bunch of sources to prove that the taste map should be abolished from wine education. Spread the word, down with the taste map! Here's a wikipedia article talking generally about the taste map. I know, you're thinking Wikipedia, that's not an authoritative source! But it cites this article from livescience.com, and this one from Scientific American. Still not convinced? Well, maybe you should head on down to the library and look up Collings\' original research paper, titled Human taste response as a function of location of stimulation on the tongue and soft palate. In the meantime, here's a very sciencey document discussing the reasons for the persistance of the myth, to tide you over.

Domaine LaPierre

IMG_0382Domaine LaPierre was a place full of natural wine wonders sometimes difficult to access. When I was there the Domaine was in the thick of Harvesting and the start of winemaking, so things were a bit hectic. Marcel himself was a flurry of constant motion. Wine, and I mean amazing wine, flowed like water. The food was stunning. And the partying was some of the most intense I've ever witnessed. But in the end it was all a bit daunting for someone whose French was just ok.

As soon I met Marcel, he whisked me off on a whirlwind tour of whatever he was doing. This involved driving quickly out to a vineyard to look at some grapes for about 7 seconds, tasting half fermented wine straight from the vat, picking up some harvesters from other fields, inspecting wine samples with a biologist, and tasting some aged wine in the cave (you really have to pronounce that the french way, like cahhhv, much cooler).

What does half fermented wine taste like, you might be wondering? Really sweet. But delicious. While I harvested, I had snacked on grapes that tasted a lot like that juice, so it was a pretty familiar flavor to me. You wouldn't really want to drink this stuff on a regular basis because the acidity was through the roof (we spit it out) but it was really interesting to taste. We then took some of the wine back to the lab, where Marcel's friend's wife, a biochemist specializing in wine, could examine the samples under a microscope. Here I got to see what indigenous yeasts look like (a lot of little clear stationary oval shaped things). She was checking for bacteria that might be a problem. When you make natural wine without sulfur, you have to be super careful that there are no bad bacterias that might ruin the wine. Cleanliness is paramount.

The picture up at the top of the post is Marcel's cave. It's a big room full of barrels, and as you can see they use one of the barrels as a bar. Marcel fetched a couple different bottles for us to drink. One was a 2004 Marcel LaPierre, and the other was his special cuvée from 2006, which actually is made with sulfur (and, if you're curious, is not exported to the United States). I got a brief peek into the room where Marcel cellars all these bottles, and I noticed he had a lot of Saucisson Sec hanging in there too. I wish my cellar had that! So yes, Cru Beaujolais can age, and it ages really really well. The 2004 still had the quintessential Beaujolais fruit driven flavor, with an extra dash of leathery aged wine taste that I found completely bewitching. The 2006 cuvée is a very concentrated wine, undoubtedly a careful selection of the best grapes. But it was somewhat lacking in that natural wine floral department, which I would think is due to the use of sulfur.

Ok, now that the wine geekery is out of the way, here's an interesting tidbit about French politesse. They don't introduce themselves like we Americans do. Marcel and I tasted these wines with the biologist, another portly French guy with a huge curling mustache who gesticulated wildy when he talked, and another guy wearing shorts who looked to have just emerged from the fields. I have no idea really who any of these people were, because they never introduced themselves. That doesn't mean we didn't shake hands though. That happened right when someone entered the room. People do everything else the same-- you talk about why you're here or who you are, but it's quite possible you never get the person's name. I later learned from Guy that the portly guy was the biologist's husband, and that he worked off the grid, so to speak, making charcuterie and selling whatever goods he could get his hands on. These were the kinds of characters you could expect to run into at Domaine LaPierre.

After we tasted a drank a heck of a lot of the beautiful Marcel LaPierre wines in the cave, it was time to eat. Dinner could not have been more different from Chateau Cambon. At Chateau Cambon we mostly drank Beaujolais Nouveau, and Rosé, and we were only given 6 or so bottles for 20 people. At Domaine LaPierre, case after case of the LaPierre cuvée sat ready to be opened. And open them they did. This is a wine that costs about $23 in the States. I have 12 bottles of it sitting in my cellar, and I'm planning to savor them for special occasions over the next several years as I watch them age gracefully. At Domaine LaPierre, they chugged them down like water.

The food was delicious, and plentiful. At Chateau Cambon, the kitchen was behind closed doors, and the bosses ate behind those doors. The "chef" would emerge to plop down a tin pan full of the latest industrialized reheated creation. At Domaine LaPierre, the kitchen was open, and I saw the cooks emerge on several occasions to dance with Marie LaPierre (Marcel's wife). Marcel, his wife, son, daughter and friends all ate in the same room with all the harvesters. An 8 year old boy ocassionally wandered in banging loudly on a drum, accompanied by a slightly older boy blaring notes out of a trombone, to cackles of laughter by the crowd.

The crowd of harvesters was also different. At Chateau Cambon, almost everyone was between the ages of 17 and 21. At Domaine LaPierre, I talked to one man who was 70 years old. He said it was something like his 20th year of harvesting at Domaine LaPierre, and his 35 year old son was with him. By the way, they didn't make him cut grapes, he drove the truck to take the grapes back to be vinified. His son was cutting grapes in the field.

The harvesting was also different at Domaine LaPierre. A few of my fellow vendangeurs from Cambon had switched over to Domaine LaPierre, and I asked them what the field work was like. They said the work was much slower, because they were actually selecting individual grapes from each bunch to use. This was the careful picking I had heard Marcel was renowned for. The quality control in these fields was unbelievable. They threw about half the grapes they cut right onto the ground, just because they weren't good enough.

Oh yeah, and the parties? As I mentioned before, at Chateau Cambon I thought it was a stretch to stay up talking and drinking until midnight when we had to get up at 6:30 in  the morning. At Domaine LaPierre, they didn't stop partying until 5 AM. Now some of those people partying didn't have to get up early, but I'm pretty sure some of them did. I went up to sleep at around midnight, when there were already a few others asleep, and the sounds of the partying continued at a fevered pitch, despite the fact that people were trying to sleep just one floor up. And when I say fevered pitch, I mean that people were laughing and screaming at the top of their lungs non-stop until 5 in the morning. On more than a few occasions several of the partyers would barge into the sleeping room, still yelling and laughing, at full-voice. They'd turn on all the lights, come in for a few minutes to chat (not whispering, again in a full voice) and then leave. On one occasion someone had apparently drunkenly fallen out of their bed, and several partygoers came in to laugh and point at him sleeping on the floor, again with the lights on. Needless to say, I didn't get very much sleep that night. I guess the only way to really sleep there was to drink yourself into a stupor so deep you wouldn't even notice you were suddenly on the floor instead of in your bed.

When I woke up the next day, after 8 days of harvesting, copious wine drinking, and very little sleep, I realized I had to get out of there. I spoke with Marcel, and he told me winemaking wouldn't really begin in earnest until the harvest was complete anyway. He said if I returned in a week, I'd really be able to learn some thing. So I packed my bags and ran back to quiet and comfortable Paris.

Daily Schedule for Harvest Work

There's only way to describe our daily schedule-- grueling. There was technically enough time to sleep 8 hours, but most people stayed up late enough to make that impossible. This made it difficult for me, as one of my primary motivations was to speak as much french as possible. There were a couple of nights when I went to bed early, but for the most part I felt I'd be missing out if I didn't stay up with everyone and try to integrate. Here's the schedule:

6:30 AM

Every morning, our kind but firm boss would flick on the light switch promptly at 6:30, and say "Bonjour, il est l'heure!" in an all too pleasant sing-songy way. If you're trying to translate that, you might think it means, "hello, it is the hour." But really it means, "good morning, it's time." I think it's a rule that any kind of sound, no matter how pleasant that sound is, becomes intensely annoying after it wakes you up earlier than you want a few times. That's the way we all felt after a few days of hearing this pleasant voice for a few days.

7:20 AM

This was when we started work for real. You might be thinking, "wow, that's not much time for breakfast!" and you're right, it's not. Especially when you're going to working hard all day and need to fill up your stomach in anticipation. But, think again, French people don't eat large breakfasts. Ours consisted of Bread, butter, salt, confiture (jelly), and a choice of café au lait, hot chocolate, or tea. That's it. French people like to drink their coffee out of bowls for some reason. I guess so you can easily dip your buttered bread into the bowl. Needless to say, for me this was a very small breakfast, but I really was never that hungry, considering I had just gone to bed 6 hours before. The first day though, after working for a few hours, I was freaking out as I started to get really really hungry. Everyone knows Europeans don't snack, right? That's one of the reasons we're so fat and we're not, right? Well, maybe.

10:30 AM

Break time! I was stunned the first day, when we were called over for a break complete, with coffee, wine, saucisson sec (dried sausage), Camembert slices, more bread, chocolate, and some kind of portable dessert, like a madeleine. Apparently snacks are allowed when you're working your ass off. This break quickly became my favorite meal of the day, as it was consisently reliable. The Camembert was usually nice and warm, as it had been sitting out in the sun, and I never really get tired of saucisson sec. Maybe you're thinking it was cray that there was wine at 10:30 in the morning? Well, truthfully, there were always 2 bottles for 20 people, and neither was ever emptied during this break. It's just a little. You know, because it helps digestion. Duh.

This break lasted about 10 minutes, then it was back off to work.

1:00 PM

Lunchtime!

You'll notice that at this point in the schedule we've already worked about 5 hours, before lunch time. I think the reason for this is that it allowed us to avoid most of the hottest part of the day, during lunch time. Lunch would be waiting for us when we got back, and was very similar in content of food to dinner. About the same amount of wine too. For the most part I would say people drank less wine at lunch than at dinner, although there were a few exceptions. I remember one particular day when two guys dueled it out and ended up drinking 11 glasses each. That was a fun day of work for everyone after lunch! Lunch lasted until about 2:20, when we would return to the fields.

5:30 PM

Every day, our boss would say the same thing when it was time to stop- "Prenez vos seaus!," which meant "Take your buckets!" That was the signal that it was time to bring the last of our grapes over to the bins, empty them out, and return to the Domaine. This became the most coveted line of the day to hear. When we returned, we had about an hour or so before dinner to relax, and potentially shower, although there were only 3 showers for 20 people, so sometimes you had to wait until after dinner. Dinner finished up around 8, and then the rest of the night was prime time for socializing. Most people stayed up until 11:30 or 12, so you can see that's not a lot of sleep for 8 days straight of work.

Dinner at the Harvest

While I'm living here in France, I've been determined to try to live as much like a French person as much as possible. I have this underlying belief that the European ways of life are older than ours, and although may sometimes seem strange and different to Americans, I'm very willing to believe that they happen here because of some wisdom that's older than what we have in the states. After all, which country is the one with all the fat people and unhealthy relationships with food? So for now I'm doing my best to try and suspend my disbelief, and just become one of them. Then at the end of the 10 months I'll be able to make an educated decision about which aspects I want to keep or drop. The trouble, is how do you know what are the actual French ways of eating? I've heard general things, like that they eat small sugar laden breakfasts, or that lunch is the biggest meal. Or that they always take a digestif after dinner, something heavy in alcohol, after having already drank a bunch of wine with the meal.

In an attempt to ascertain exactly what is this French way of life, I asked one of my French coworkers what I would have to do to live like them. The side effect of this question is that I think it makes them instantly like you. French people love to talk about their way of life, especially food and wine. Let's face it, it is one of the major things they are known for. So I got to endear myself to my companions, as well as learn something at the same time. Win-win! But his answer was a bit cryptic. He said I just had to "mange bien." Now the literal translation of that term means to eat well. But I had a feeling that the meaning goes a little deeper than that. I did a little research, and it turns out that if you say "bien manger," that means something pretty different, closer to eating healthy, or really, eating to live. As opposed to "manger bien," which really means living to eat. In other words, eat food that you love to eat. It's quite possible eating well in America could mean, eating a lot, or really eating enough to keep you alive, probably a little more than you really need to stay alive. But in France it just means enjoying your food. This is a critical distinction to me.

So would we be able to mange bien? The quality of the food was one of the biggest things I was looking forward to during the harvest. I'd heard stories of great things. All the standard dishes of France, prepared by an authentic home cook, with very few repeats. Aperitif, Cheese, dessert, digestif, the whole shabang. Unfortunately for me and especially for my French coworkers, reality fell a bit short of that. The food we ate ranged from dismally uninspired all the way up to just plain bland. This in and of it itself was pretty interesting, because it gave me a chance to observe the French appreciation of food from a different angle. It's one thing to eat great food with French people and see them happy. But it's quite another thing to see what they just absolutely can't stand, and why.

Dinner always started with some kind of salad. Salad is a pretty loose term here, as there wasn't ever anything green or leafy in it. Instead it usually involved tomatoes, tuna, and something like corn or carrots. This stuff was quite bland, but to me pretty inoffensive. As I was usually starving from all the hard labor of the day, I was OK with cramming a bunch of this stuff down, as it was pretty filling, and likely to be less offensive than what followed. But for the French people, they could barely stomach it. I noticed the first night that our salad was full of the kind of pitted black olives you only see come out of a can, and that all the French people were diligently separating them out and not eating them.

They said they seemed to "industrial." This was a general complaint about the food I heard from them. At one other point we were discussing stereotypes of American and French people. When I asked them what the stereotype of Americans was, someone said that they eat a lot of "GM" (genetically modified) food. Now, keep in mind, these are not mid 30's Park Slope trained hippy/crunchy/granola types watching out for the environment. These are just your every day average early 20's French kids. This is a big difference between French people. They don't need Michael Pollan here, because everyone already knows where really good food comes from. I'm convinced that if you mentioned GM (even if you used the full name) to most 20 something Americans, they'd have no idea what you were talking about. To the French, they'd rather go hungry than eat any kind of industrially processed food. Time and time again, I would see French people just refusing to eat, turning instead to their glasses of wine.

The main course for dinner was usually some kind of meat, like this Pintade (basically a breed of chicken), we had the first night:

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It seems the French rarely eat just plain old simple "poulet" here. It's usually Pintade or Poulet de Bresse (one of the best breeds) or something more classified than our simple old roasting chicken back in the US. This particular pintade we had was OK. The sauce, while it may look creamy and buttery, had almost no flavor to it. That was pretty typical of our main course. Big pieces of meat in a watery sauce. There was usually some kind of vegetable also, which looked and tasted like it had been boiled for about 15 hours. I did notice another subtle cultural difference here. I feel like in America with this type of food served in large pans, people would take the plate, pass it around and everyone would serve how much they wanted for themselves. But that almost never happened at our dinners. More commonly, people would pass their plates down to whoever was closest, and they would serve everyone. They seemed to me also to take a great deal of pleasure in doing this for each other. Again, this wasn't a hard and fast rule, and I know  the other option is never a hard and fast rule in the states, but they did tend pretty far in the direction I've noted.

The entree, was of course always followed by a plate of cheese. While I wouldn't say the cheese was super high quality examples of each type, and it was often not quite warm enough to give off all of it's flavor, this was one of the most consistently reliable parts of the meal. We usually had Chevre, Tomme de Savoie, Brie, and Roquefort. You can't go wrong with any of those. Then there was always some kind of dessert. The first night we had eclairs, and the filling was definitely the highlight of the meal. The pastry part was a bit soggy and flabby, but that chocolate goodness did not fail to impress. Later on the quality of dessert would vary greatly. One night we had apple sauce which sounds a lot fancier when you use the french translation, "compote." but tasted exactly like Motts from the big old glass jar.

The Reality of the Harvest

On Sunday, September 6, I packed my bags and hopped on a train out to Beaujolais. It took just about 3 hours to get there, which involved taking a high speed TGV to Lyon, and then a slower normal speed train to Belleville sur Saone. This 3 hour duration is pretty impressive, since we had just driven from Lyon to Paris a few days earlier, and it took 4.5 hours, without really stopping at all. Gotta love the high speed trains here!

Originally, I was supposed to work the harvest at Domaine LaPierre. This was a pretty exciting prospect, as Marcel LaPierre basically started the whole idea of natural wine-making, along with his mentor Chauvet, in the 70's. So the place is somewhat of a mecca for natural wine freaks like myself. I've also had the wine many many times and absolutely love it. Unfortunately, all the spaces at Domaine LaPierre were taken up by people that had been there before. So Marcel's wife, Marie, offered a place at Chateau Cambon instead. The Cambon wine is vinified by Marcel as well, and uses all the same natural methods. I'd never tried it, but what I read said that the wine was very similar to LaPierre's wine, just a bit cheaper. I always like to find a good value, so I figured it'd be fine. But I didn't really know what the differences would be.

I took a couple snapshots right when I arrived at Cambon. First, of our sleeping quarters:

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And second, of our dining room:

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Then I headed off to tasting room, a really cool room with a bunch of giant barrels (in wine speak we call them foudres) and a table. I introduced myself to everyone seated there by shaking all their hands and saying my name. I realized later I was the only one to do this. There we proceeded to drink wine. And drink more wine. Gradually over the next hour or two, my fellow harvest workers started to filter in to the Domaine. As each person came in, they would say hello, and perhaps even shake hands, but generally people didn't say their names. As I realized by the end of this experience, it seems French people don't really do it that way. They don't say their names and introduce themselves when they shake hands. They often say "Bonjour" or "Bon soir," offer the hand and that's it. It feels really weird to me to shake someone's hand I don't know without offering my name, but that's the way they do it here. And sometimes you shake a womans hand, but other times you have to the double cheek kissing thing. I still haven't really figured out how that works. Anyway, my American etiquette really didn't ruffle any feathers, so all was well.

Our harvest crew turned out to consist of mostly French people, and quite a lot of women. In fact I think the women outnumbered the men barely. The non-French included myself, two Quebecois, and one Polish guy, who didn't know a lick of French, but spoke English pretty well. I got to speak a little, and got some compliments on my French, which was nice. They seemed to be surprised that they could understand me when I spoke. My comprehension though, was another story entirely. When someone spoke to me directly, I could get enough of the gist to reply appropriately. But when I was trying to listen to the conversation around me, I could understand I'd say about 15%.

So I just sat and tried to soak it all in, while drinking lots and lots of Beaujolais. And, hey, the wine was pretty good! Not quite as concentrated as the Marcel LaPierre wines I'd had before, but it did have that subtle floral natural wine quality I find so intriguing and addicting. It's the perfect kind of wine to drink daily with your meal. It's a very versatile wine, it can go with just about any food. And the wine goes for about $16 (as opposed to $22 for the LaPierre) in the States, so I'd say that's a pretty good value.

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Expectations, Good and Bad

vendangeAs I said in the last post, I had quite a lot riding on this whole harvest experience thing. I'd also heard a lot of things that made me either excited, or terrified. I heard that the food would be unbelievable authentic and awesome. Home cooked meals showing off all the classic dishes of France, with no repeats. I also heard that there'd be more wine to drink than I could possibly imagine. One friend told me that a friend of his got so used to drinking beaujolais in mass quantities, that after the winery gave him two cases to take with him, he drank all two of them by himself in 2 days without even realizing it!

I also heard stories of back-breaking labor. Getting up at 5 AM, hiking through the mountains with piles of grapes tied to ones back, stopping only when it was too dark to pick. After that you could barely eat, have a glass of wine, and then pass out and do it all over again the next day.

I told myself that hopefully it wouldn't be too bad. After all, I'm a pretty fit guy. Maybe it's just the out of shape Frenchies who never exercise that would have a problem with it. Maybe I'd be fine.

Someone else had told me that the workers would be young French kids, fresh out of college, and ready to party. In my mind I assumed they would all be male, I guess because of the back-breaking labor aspect of the job. In the United States I think this would be true. There might be the odd woman or two, but I figured in the more sexist France, it would be all men. That brought to mind all kinds of bad fantasies. When I was 16, I went to a private school (Choate) for a summer. Their summer programs were always very international, and there was this one French kid who spoke really poor English. I remembered how all the Americans tormented him mercilessly, thinking, as many Americans do, that anyone with a thick accent must be stupid. I wondered if I'd receive similar treatment?

To assuage some of those fears, I practiced my French as hard as I could all summer. I had a private tutor, a native French speaker come give me lessons 4 days a week. I texted with my wife only in French. At the end of the summer, I felt like I could figure out how to say almost anything I needed to say. Understanding everything I heard was another problem entirely, but at least I wouldn't be stuck not being able to communicate what I needed.

The reality of the harvest, of course, had some elements of what I'd heard, and some that were totally unexpected.

Working the Grape Harvest in Beaujolais

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After a week and a half of grueling work, I'm back in Paris after finishing up the grape harvest. The experience was sometimes brutal, and sometimes joyous, and in the coming days and weeks I'm going to try and relate everything I learned and saw through this blog.

At the beginning, I came into the experience of working the Harvest with a lot of expectations. For someone who works in wine, I think there's a certain mythical quality to picking grapes. In the months leading up to coming here, as I told other wine professionals what I was going to do, I could see their eyes glaze over with jealousy and fantasy about what would happen. Us wine professionals study winemaking a lot, so we know quite a bit about what happens in the vineyard. But there's also a thought (or even a fantasy) that getting in there and getting your hands dirty will somehow be amazing experience that will change everything. And to get to work the harvest in France, the home of all things good in wine, well that's just icing on the cake. Did all that turn out to be true? I'm not sure yet, but maybe by the time I finish writing about it, I will have decided.

Aside from wanting to learn about winemaking firsthand, I had other reasons for wanting to pick grapes. I'm determined while I'm living here in France to improve my french, and I knew that I would have no choice but to be totally immersed in the language, especially in the countryside of Beaujolais, where it's quite common for people not to speak English. In the same vein, I wanted to immerse myself in French culture. I know that it would be quite easy for me to live in Paris for 10 months, and only associate with expats. To me, that would be a shame, because I really want to understand what it's like to be French. But there's a great deal of discussion out there about how hard it is to make friends with French people. The word on the street is that they can be guarded and reluctant to meet new people. But I knew that working the harvest with them, I would have to have lots of contact with them. We'd be sleeping in bunk beds all in one room, and eating all our meals together. Not to mention working hard all day together.

So basically I had a lot riding on this Harvest. I expected to have some kind of mythical connecting experience with wine, to improve my French speaking and comprehension skills dramatically, and to understand what it means to be French. In retrospect I guess that was a pretty tall order! In the coming days and weeks on this blog, if you stay tuned to the blog, I think you'll get a good look into all 3 of those things though.

Home Wine School Heads to France

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I took this picture!

While I love New York City and it's been my home for over 10 years now, it's time for a little change of scenery! Starting in September, my wife and I are picking up and moving to France for 9 months. Mostly because she's doing a masters in French through Middlebury College. I also have the ulterior motive of getting to pick grapes for the Harvest, and perfecting my long lost french skills.

So today I took my most major step towards securing said harvest job. I had to speak to Madame Lapierre, Marcel LaPierre's wife, as she's the one in charge of hiring the harvest workers. The catch? She speaks zero English. I've been taking some review lessons for a couple weeks but other than that I haven't spoken a lick of french since college, almost 15 years ago. In short, I was nervous beyond words for this conversation. I'd been introduced to Marcel by a representative of Kermit Lynch, the importer that brings his wines to the states. He told me I could come and pick grapes there, but his wife is the one who's really in charge, so how would she respond to my broken French? Would she come back with a bunch of fastly spoken, cryptic gobble-dee-gook? Would I even be able to make it past Bonjour?

Now you might be wondering right now, "Who is Marcel LaPierre?" Good question! Marcel is a winemaker in Beaujolais, which is in the southernmost portion of Burgundy. You've probably heard of Beajolais Nouveau, it's the wine that comes out right before thanksgiving. It's cheap, cheerful, super fruity, and pretty universally derided by serious and pretentious wine drinkers. The technique used to make these wines is called carbonic maceration, and it can lead to notes of banana and strawberry in the wine. There's also a lot of specialized industrially created yeasts that can enhance these juicy fruity flavors. Why do wine snobs hate this wine? Because it's simple and cheap, and if that's true it must be bad right? Well it all depends on your point of view. Some also hate the idea that most nouveau is a product of giant coporate-style winemaking. But, where your opinion lies, Marcel LaPierre represents the exact opposite of the Nouveau style of winemaking.

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Marcel is the founding of member of what's called the Gang of Four in Beaujolais. The Gang of Four is a group of winemakers that are dedicated to bringing back natural winemaking techniques to Beaujolais. They don't use carbonic maceration, or chemically created yeasts. Instead they let the grapes ferment naturally, for as long as it takes, with indigenous yeasts that occur naturally. Marcel himself is also known as an extremely selective picker. He throws away a lot of grapes, looking for only the perfect fruit. The result is he makes a wine that is very subtle and floral, much less juicy and fruity than the nouveau style. Marcel is definitely talked about as the best winemaker in Beaujolais, and the amazing thing is that his wine only costs $22 a bottle retail in the US! It's lucky for us that Nouveau has such a bad rap because it's really helped keep down prices of all wine coming from the area. This wine drinks well young, but it also has the potential to age for at least 10 years, possibly more. For me personally, this place is a dream job. It also doesn't hurt that the LaPierre's are known  to feed their workers a cornucopia of extravagant homecooked French food.

So how'd the telephone call go? Well, I couldn't understand everything she said, but I'm pretty sure I got most of it. I believe the harvest starts around September 6th. Or was that the 16th? Those numbers sound kind of similar in French. The one sticking point was when she tried to spell her email address for me. We got stuck on some kind of symbol, I think it was probably an underscore or a dash, but unfortunately my high school and college french teachers didn't think that was the most important thing to teach me. And who can blame them? It's a very 21st century problem really. Anyway, it should be fine as she said I could email the general email address for the Domaine and it would get to her. Just one more hurdle down until I'm on my hands and knees, picking grapes in France!

Update:

Alice Feiring pointed out to me that Marcel does in fact use carbonic maceration of a sort. It's a technique developed by Chauvet, the founder of the Gang of Four. Instead of using the CO2 that is created by fermentation to exert pressure on the grapes, they apparently use dry ice. Dry ice is a solid form of CO2, and, according to Alice contains some kind antioxidant that allows them to not use any sulphur. Marcel did invite me to stay on for vinification, so I guess I will learn all about this technique when I get there!

Trust your Retailer!

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While working in a wine store, one thing has become clear to me-- a lot of people don't trust retail wine store workers. I think there's a fear that somoene's lack of knowledge will be dangled in front of them, or that they'll be forced to spend more on a bottle than they want to. Worst of all the retailer might actually make you taste some wine! Gasp! You might think I'm being funny, but there are a lot of times when I have a bottle open, and I'm greeted with looks of shock and fear when I offer someone a taste from it.

What I'd like to get across in this post is that you really shouldn't be one of these people. While there may be stores that intimidate you, and that try to push bottles of wine on you that don't want, you'll never know if you're in one of those stores until you open your mouth and talk to them. I can tell you that the people who do open themselves up to us end up with better wine. And that's not some secretive backroom elitist transaction, it's just that we start to know their palates really well, and every time they walk in the store we can give them a new wine that they'll like, and maybe even expand their tastes little by little as they explore the world of wine with us as their guide.

This is the kind of relationship a retailer can provide for you. And I really believe that the retailer is unique in the world of wine for what we offer to the consumer. Now I may have a bit of a chip on my shoulder about this, but I often feel that the retailer is the least respected wine professional out there. In comparison the sommelier is lauded above all as the gatekeeper of all things fancy and tasty, even though there is absolutely no standardized international certification to qualify one for the job. My point here is not the sommeliers don't know what they're doing. It's just that there is just as much chance of a sommelier being snotty,intimidating or uneducated, as there is of finding the same qualities in a retailer.

The retail perspective is unique because we have to be laser-focused on price and value, and we have to know all palates, disregarding our own personal tastes. The prices on our shelves have to provide quality and value, because there's very little barrier to a customer walking out the door and going to the store down the street that has better wine at the same  or lower price. When you're in a restaurant, you're pretty much stuck with what they have on their list, and price distinctions become much less obvious. Sommeliers do a fantastic job of pairing the specific food in their restaurant with the specific wines on their list. But that's a very deliniated decision. They spend a lot of time (hopefully) tasting each dish and each wine in their cellar, to come up with the best matches. When they've found a pairing that works, they can go back to it again and again, because food and wine pairings will taste good to somoene, even if they wouldn't normally like that wine on its own. But as a retailer, we have to match wines with any cuisine in the world, and a lot of times we have to be able to pick wines to go without food, while knowing very little about the buyer's tastes. That's a lot harder and more nebulous. The only way for us to do it well is to get some help from you! If you're worried you don't know how to talk about what you like, that's OK. Just trust us and see how we do. If you don't like what we gave you, come back and tell us and we'll try something different.

Retailers also have a leg up over wine critics. It's not a new idea to say that each critic, be it Robert Parker, Steve Tanzer, or Eric Asimov, have preferences for certain styles of wine. In the Oxford companion to wine, Jancis Robinson says over and over again that a certain grape finds it's best expression in this particular plot of land in France, or somewhere else in the world. And I might even by inclined to agree with her, as far as my personal tastes are concerned. But as a retailer, I have to disregard my tastes. Just because I think Loire valley cab franc is the most expressive funky wine on the planet, doesn't mean a thing to someone who loves an oaky buttery chardonnay from California. So I have to be able to evaluate that chardonnay against all the other chardonnays on the market. All we do as retailers all day long is taste and spit and talk to each other about, is this particular chardonnay a better example of the grape from California than this other one? Is this one priced at $15.99 really that much better than the other one priced at $12.99? Once in a while we come across the $12.99 wine that really is better than the $15.99 one, and that's why we push you to buy it, because we know you'll like it, and the low price will keep you coming back for more.

But if you don't open your mouth and talk to us, we can't even start to tell you about these special wines, and you'll miss out on getting something you really like.

So my message today is to open yourselves up a little bit, and start talking to us! Granted, you are taking a risk here. What if you do this in one of those intimidating snotty wine stores and they encourage you to buy a wine that costs more than you wanted to spend? Here's what you do: Don't buy it! And if it bothers you, don't go back to that store! They're probably not spending nearly enough time focusing on bringing a wide array of wines tailored to diverse palates if they're that snotty, so it's probably not the store for you. Now you've learned something about the store, and you're that much closer to finding a retailer you can trust.

The perect retailer to me is one who can remember what they sold you, and why the next time you come in. Ask them if they have a way to track your purchases though, just in case. Or keep your receipts and remember what you bought so you can tell them if you liked it or not. You might even want to keep a log of what tasted and whether you liked it or not. But the most important thing is you have to be willing to open your mouth and speak your mind to get any of this done. And once in a while, you might want to try the wine we're pouring. It's ok if you have to go the gym afterwords, it's only a little taste! And even if you don't like it, that's a great place for us to start to figure what you will like that's different in some way from what you just tried.

Good luck and happy wine buying!

Identifying Fruit in Red Wines

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When you're trying to identify the fruit characteristics in a red wine, I find it helpful to first try to decide if it's a red fruit or a black fruit. You can see examples of these on the aroma and flavor cards I've designed. Taking a look at the card, you can see that red fruits include things like raspberries and red cherries, while black fruits include blackberries and black cherries. For this lesson, the wine I've chosen to illustrate fruit qualities is the Arboretto Montepulciano d'Abruzzo (which you can order from Frankly Wines). I picked this wine because it is a very simple, but good example of a fruity wine. It doesn't have very much earth or spice, but it does have plenty of fruit.

So what do you think? What kind of fruit do you taste in this wine? It can be fun to taste and smell a wine for a long time and debate with your friends if it's blackberries or if it's red cherries. But the important thing for you to get from this wine is that it is is predominantly fruit driven. The primary fruit quality I get from this wine is a sour red cherry, which is a very typical fruit quality to find in an Italian wine.

Do you like this wine? If you do, you could be lucky, as wines that are simple and fruity tend to be fairly inexpensive. A wine like this is a perfect pair with a tomato based pasta sauce. If you don't like it by itself, you may find that it comes into its own when paired with the right food. If you like this wine, you should try Shiraz from Australia, or just ask the salesperson at your local wine store for a nice fruity wine.

It should be noted that this wine is not sweet at all. In other words, there is no sugar in this wine. When a wine has no sugar in it, we refer to it as dry. There's no good reason for why we call it that, and it causes lots of confusion, but that is just the way it is. While this wine isn't sweet, it is very fruity. A lot of people come into the wine store asking for something sweet, and it's hard for us to tell what they mean. Most red wines are not sweet, but plenty of them are fruity. So now you're armed with the right vocabulary to get what you want the next time you ask a store clerk for help.

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